Intro


    # Using Ubuntu
    curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_18.x | sudo -E bash -
    sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

    # Using Debian, as root
    curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_18.x | bash -
    apt-get install -y nodejs


    // Clear NPM cache:
    sudo npm cache clean -f
    // install a little helper called 'n'
    sudo npm install -g n
    // Install latest stable Node.js version
    sudo n stable

    // specific version install:
    sudo n 0.8.20

    // remove
    sudo apt-get purge nodejs
    sudo apt-get autoremove
  

Globals

Global object - global or module scope modules, functions, strings and object etc.

Process

properties
PropertyDescription
archreturns process architecture: 'arm', 'ia32', or 'x64'
argsreturns commands line arguments as an array
envreturns user environment
pidreturns process id of the process
platformreturns platform of the process: 'darwin', 'freebsd', 'linux', 'sunos' or 'win32'
releasereturns the metadata for the current node release
versionreturns the node version
versionsreturns the node version and its dependencies

    console.log(`Process Architecture: ${process.arch}`);
    console.log(`Process PID: ${process.pid}`);
    console.log(`Process Platform: ${process.platform}`);
    console.log(`Process Version: ${process.version}`);

    process.argv.forEach((value, index, array) => {
      console.log(`${index}: ${value}`);
    });
  
functions
FunctionDescription
cwd()returns path of current working directory
hrtime()returns the current high-resolution real time in a [seconds, nanoseconds] array
memoryUsage()returns an object having information of memory usage.
process.kill(pid[, signal])is used to kill the given pid.
uptime()returns the Node.js process uptime in seconds.

    console.log(`Current directory: ${process.cwd()}`);
    console.log(`Uptime: ${process.uptime()}`);
  

Modules


    module.exports = {a: 'A'};
    exports.b = 'B'; // exports !== module.exports

    module.exports.hello = true; // exported from require of module , if then
    exports = { hello: false };  // exports !== module.exports

    exports.foo = 'foo'; // ignored ...
    module.exports = () => { console.log('bar'); }; // exported

    // when the module.exports property is being completely replaced by a new object,
    // it is common to also reassign exports:
    module.exports = exports = function Constructor() {
      // ... etc.
    }

    // --- CommonJS (CJS)

    // - export
    // named
    module.exports.sayHello = function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    exports.method = function() {};
    exports.otherMethod = function() {};
    // default
    module.exports = function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // or
    module.exports = {
      sayHello: function sayHello (name) {
        return `Hello ${name}`
      },
      sayHello2,
    }

    // - import
    // named without changing the name
    const { sayHello } = require('./commonjs/named')
    // named import changing the name
    const { sayHello: say2 } = require('./commonjs/named')
    // default
    const sayDefault = require('./commonjs/default')
    // or
    const say2 = require('./commonjs/named').sayHello

    // --- ES Modules (ESM) (Node 14+)

    // - export
    // named
    export function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // default
    export default function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }

    // - import
    // named without changing the name
    import { sayHello } from './esm/named.js'
    // named import changing the name
    import { sayHello as say2 } from './esm/named.js'
    // default
    import sayDefault from './esm/default.js'

    console.log(sayHello('World'))
    console.log(say2('World'))
    console.log(sayDefault('World'))

    // --- bare-paths - declare/export libraries from a node_modules directory
    // - CJM
    // node_modules/my-lib/package.json
    { "main": "index.js" }
    // node_modules/my-lib/index.js
    module.exports.sayHello = function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // import
    const say3 = require('my-lib')
    console.log(say3('World'))
    // - ESM
    // node_modules/my-esm-lib/package.json
    { "main": "index.js" }
    // node_modules/my-esm-lib/index.js
    export default function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // import
    import say3 from 'my-esm-lib'
    console.log(say3('World'))
  
Import CJS module into ESM project

    // commonjs/named.js
    module.exports.sayHello = function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // commonjs/default.js
    module.exports = function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // all the module.exports object in CJS will be converted to a single ESM default export
    // you cannot use ESM named exports when importing CommonJS modules

    // --- "fake" import
    // named without changing the name
    import named from './commonjs/named.js'
    const { sayHello } = named
    // named import changing the name
    import named2 from './commonjs/named.js'
    const { sayHello: say2 } = named2
    // default
    import sayDefault from './commonjs/default.js'

    // --- intermediate module
    // bridge/named.mjs
    import named from '../commonjs/named.js'
    export const sayHello = named.sayHello
    // Import it as named import
    // index.mjs (with bridged modules)
    // named without changing the name
    import { sayHello } from './bridge/named.mjs'
    // named import changing the name
    import { sayHello as say2 } from './bridge/named.mjs'
  
Import ESM module into CJS project

    // esm/named.mjs
    export function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }
    // esm/default.mjs
    export default function sayHello (name) { return `Hello ${name}` }

    // --- import with "esm" package
    // returns everything as an object of named imports
    const esmRequire = require('esm')(module)
    // named without changing the name
    const named = esmRequire('./esm/named.mjs')
    const { sayHello } = named
    // named import changing the name
    const { sayHello: say2 } = named
    // ESM default export becomes a named import called .default
    const sayDefault = esmRequire('./esm/default.mjs').default

    // --- with import() operator
    // - returns a Promise, you need .then() or await
    // - returns everything as an object of named imports
    // - access the default-exported thing with .default-property
    // index.js
    ;(async function () {
      // named without changing the name
      const named = await import('./esm/named.mjs')
      const { sayHello } = named
      // named import changing the name
      const { sayHello: say2 } = named
      // default
      const sayDefault = (await import('./esm/default.mjs')).default

      console.log(sayHello('World'))
      console.log(say2('World'))
      console.log(sayDefault('World'))
    })()

    // --- intermediate modules with "esm" package
    // bridge2/default.js - enable CJS default export
    require = require('esm')(module)
    module.exports = require('../esm/default.mjs').default
    // bridge2/named.js - make other libraries ready for CJS import
    require = require('esm')(module)
    module.exports = require('../esm/named.mjs')
    // require them:
    const named = require('./bridge2/named.mjs')
    const { sayHello } = named
    // named import changing the name
    const { sayHello: say2 } = named
    // default
    const sayDefault = require('./bridge2/default.mjs')
  

Built-in

Module Description
assertset of assertion tests
bufferhandle binary data
child_processrun a child process
clustersplit a single Node process into multiple processes
cryptohandle OpenSSL cryptographic functions
dgramimplementation of UDP datagram sockets
dnsdo DNS lookups and name resolution functions
eventshandle events
fshandle the file system
httpmake Node.js act as an HTTP server
httpsmake Node.js act as an HTTPS server.
netcreate servers and clients
osProvides information about the operation system
pathhandle file paths
punycodeDeprecated. A character encoding scheme
querystringhandle URL query strings
readlinehandle readable streams one line at the time
streamhandle streaming data
string_decoderdecode buffer objects into strings
timersexecute a function after a given number of milliseconds
tlsimplement TLS and SSL protocols
ttyProvides classes used by a text terminal
urlparse URL strings
utilaccess utility functions
v8access information about V8 (the JavaScript engine)
vmcompile JavaScript code in a virtual machine
zlibcompress or decompress files
assert - test expressions

    // if the expression evaluates to 0, or false,
    // an assertion failure is being caused, and the program is terminated
    var assert = require('assert');

    // --- assert(expression, ?message)
    assert(5 > 7);
    assert(50 > 70, "My message goes here");
    assert(50 - 50);

    // --- assert.deepEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    var x = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var y = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var z = { a : { n: 1 } };
    assert.deepEqual(x, y); // OK
    assert.deepEqual(x, z); // AssertionError: { a: { n: 0 } } deepEqual {a: { n: 1 }
    assert.deepEqual(x, z, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.deepStrictEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    var x = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var y = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var z = { a : { n: '0' } };
    assert.deepStrictEqual(x, y); //OK
    assert.deepStrictEqual(x, z); // AssertionError: { a: { n: 0 } } deepStrictEqual {a: { n: '0' } }
    assert.deepStrictEqual(x, z, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.equal(value1, value2, ?message);
    assert.equal(50, 50); //OK
    assert.equal(50, "50"); //OK
    assert.equal(50, 70); // AssertionError: 50 == 70
    assert.equal(50, 70, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.notDeepEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    var x = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var y = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var z = { a : { n: 1 } };
    assert.notDeepEqual(x, z); //OK
    assert.notDeepEqual(x, y); // AssertionError: { a: { n: 0 } } notDeepEqual {a: { n: 0 } }
    assert.notDeepEqual(x, y, "My message goes here");

    // assert.notDeepStrictEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    var x = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var y = { a : { n: 0 } };
    var z = { a : { n: '0' } };
    assert.notDeepStrictEqual(x, z); //OK
    assert.notDeepStrictEqual(x, y); // AssertionError: { a: { n: 0 } } notDeepStrictEqual {a: { n: 0 } }
    assert.notDeepStrictEqual(x, y, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.notEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    assert.notEqual(50, 70); //OK
    assert.notEqual(50, 50); /*AssertionError: 50 != 50 */
    assert.notEqual(50, 50, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.notStrictEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    assert.notStrictEqual(50, 70); //OK
    assert.notStrictEqual(50, "50"); //OK
    assert.notStrictEqual(50, 50); // AssertionError: 50 != 50
    assert.notStrictEqual(50, 50, "My message goes here");

    // --- assert.ok(expression, ?message)
    assert.ok(50 > 70);
    assert.ok(50 > 70, "My message goes here");
    assert.ok(50 - 50); // throws an error if the expression evaluates to 0

    // --- assert.strictEqual(value1, value2, ?message)
    assert.strictEqual(50, 50); //OK
    assert.strictEqual(50, "50"); // AssertionError: 50 === '50'
    assert.strictEqual(50, "50", "My message goes here");
  
Method Description
assert() Checks if a value is true. Same as assert.ok()
deepEqual() Checks if two values are equal
deepStrictEqual() Checks if two values are equal, using the strict equal operator (===)
doesNotThrow()  
equal() Checks if two values are equal, using the equal operator (==)
fail() Throws an Assertion Error
ifError() Throws a specified error if the specified error evaluates to true
notDeepEqual() Checks if two values are not equal
notDeepStrictEqual() Checks if two values are not equal, using the strict not equal operator (!==)
notEqual() Checks if two values are not equal, using the not equal operator (!=)
notStrictEqual() Checks if two values are not equal, using the strict not equal operator (!==)
ok() Checks if a value is true
strictEqual() Checks if two values are equal, using the strict equal operator (===)
throws()  
buffers - handling streams of binary data

    // --- keys()
    for (x of buf.keys()) {
      console.log(x);
    }

    // --- values() - display each value in a buffer object
    for (x of buf.values()) {
      console.log(x);
    }

    // --- entries() - content of a Buffer, both index and byte
    var buf = Buffer.from('abc');
    for (x of buf.entries()) {
      console.log(x);
    }

    // --- toJSON() - buffer object as a JSON object
    console.log(buf.toJSON())

    // --- toString(?encoding, ?start, ?end) - buffer object as a string
    console.log(buf.toString())

    // --- write(value, ?start, ?bytes, ?encoding) - overwrite parts of an existing buffer
    var buf = Buffer.from('abcdef');
    buf.write('qq', 2);
    console.log(buf.toString());

    // --- from(obj, ?encoding)
    // new buffer filled with the specified string, array, or buffer, default encoding is "utf8"
    var buf = Buffer.from('abc');
    console.log(buf);

    // --- copy(target, ?targetStart, ?sourceStart, ?sourceEnd) - copy one buffer into parts of another buffer
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('abcdefghijkl');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('HELLO');
    buf2.copy(buf1, 2);
    console.log(buf1.toString());
    // copy parts of a buffer into parts of another buffer
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('abcdefghijkl');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('HELLO');
    buf2.copy(buf1, 2, 0, 2);
    console.log(buf1.toString());

    // --- concat(arr, ?length)
    // join three buffer objects into one
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('a');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('b');
    var buf3 = Buffer.from('c');
    var arr = [buf1, buf2, buf3];
    var buf = Buffer.concat(arr);
    console.log(buf);

    // --- fill(value, ?start, ?end, ?encoding) - fills a buffer with the specified value
    var buf = Buffer.alloc(15);
    buf.fill('a');
    console.log(buf);
    var buf = Buffer.alloc(15);
    buf.fill('a', 5, 10);
    console.log(buf);

    // --- slice(?start, ?end) - make a new buffer, based on parts from an existing buffer
    var x = Buffer.from('abcdef');
    var y = x.slice(2,5);

    // --- alloc(size, ?fill, ?encoding)
    var buf = Buffer.alloc(15);
    console.log(buf);
    var buf = Buffer.alloc(15, 'a');
    console.log(buf);

    // --- allocUnsafe(size)
    var buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(15);
    console.log(buf);
    var buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(15);
    console.log(buf);
    //Empty the buffer, use the Buffer.fill() method to pre-fill the buffer
    buf.fill(0);
    console.log(buf);

    // --- length - size of a buffer, in bytes
    console.log(buf.length);

    // --- byteLength(string, ?encoding)
    var buf = Buffer.alloc(15);
    var len = Buffer.byteLength(buf);
    console.log(len);
    var len = Buffer.byteLength('abc');
    console.log(len);

    // --- indexOf(value, ?start, ?encoding) - if a buffer incudes the phrase
    var buf = Buffer.from('Hello, and welcome to Rome!');
    console.log(buf.indexOf('e'));

    // --- lastIndexOf(value, ?start, ?encoding)
    // checks if a specified value is present in the buffer and returns the position
    var buf = Buffer.from('Hello, and welcome to Rome!');
    console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('e'));

    // --- includes(value, ?start, ?encoding)
    var buf = Buffer.from('Hello, and welcome to Rome!');
    console.log(buf.includes('welcome'));

    // --- compare(buf1, buf2)
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('abc');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('abc');
    var x = Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2);
    console.log(x);
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('a');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('b');
    var x = Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2);
    console.log(x);
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('b');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('a');
    var x = Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2);
    console.log(x);

    // --- equals(buf)
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('abc');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('abc');
    console.log(buf1.equals(buf2));
    var buf1 = Buffer.from('abc');
    var buf2 = Buffer.from('abcd');
    console.log(buf1.equals(buf2);

    // --- isEncoding(encoding) - returns true if the specified encoding is supported
    console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf8'));
    console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('windows-1252'));

    // --- isBuffer(obj) - if an object is a Buffer object
    var x = 'abc';
    console.log(Buffer.isBuffer(x));
  
Method Description
alloc() Creates a Buffer object of the specified length
allocUnsafe() Creates a non-zero-filled Buffer of the specified length
allocUnsafeSlow Creates a non-zero-filled and non-pooled Buffer of the specified length
byteLength() Returns the numbers of bytes in a specified object
compare() Compares two Buffer objects
concat() Concatenates an array of Buffer objects into one Buffer object
copy() Copies the specified number of bytes of a Buffer object
entries() Returns an iterator of "index" "byte" pairs of a Buffer object
equals() Compares two Buffer objects, and returns true if it is a match, otherwise false
fill() Fills a Buffer object with the specified values
from() Creates a Buffer object from an object (string/array/buffer)
includes() Checks if the Buffer object contains the specified value. Returns true if there is a match, otherwise false
indexOf() Checks if the Buffer object contains the specified value. Returns the first occurrence, otherwise -1
isBuffer() Checks if an object is a Buffer object
isEncoding() Checks if the Buffer object supports the specified encoding
keys() Returns an array of keys in a Buffer object
lastIndexOf() Checks if the Buffer object contains the specified value. Returns the first occurrence, starting from the end, otherwise -1
length Returns the length of a Buffer object, in bytes
poolSize Sets or returns the number of bytes used for pooling
readDoubleBE() Reads a 64 bit double from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readDoubleLE() Reads a 64 bit double from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readFloatBE() Reads a 32 bit float from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readFloatLE() Reads a 32 bit float from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readInt8() Reads a 8 bit integer from a Buffer object
readInt16BE() Reads a 16 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readInt16LE() Reads a 16 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readInt32BE() Reads a 32 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readInt32LE() Reads a 32 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readIntBE() Reads the specified number of bytes from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readIntLE() Reads the specified number of bytes from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readUInt8() Reads an unsigned 8 bit integer from a Buffer object
readUInt16BE() Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readUInt16LE() Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readUInt32BE() Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in big endian
readUInt32LE() Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from a Buffer object, returns the result in little endian
readUintBE() Reads the specified number of bytes from a Buffer object, returns the result as an unsigned integer
readUIntLE() Reads the specified number of bytes from a Buffer object, returns the result as an unsigned integer
slice() Slices a Buffer object into a new Buffer objects starting and ending at the specified positions
swap16() Swaps the byte-order of a 16 bit Buffer object
swap32() Swaps the byte-order of a 32 bit Buffer object
swap64() Swaps the byte-order of a 64 bit Buffer object
toString() Returns a string version of a Buffer object
toJSON() Returns a JSON version of a Buffer object
values() Returns an array of values in a Buffer object
write() Writes a specified string to a Buffer object
writeDoubleBE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 64 bit double.
writeDoubleLE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 64 bit double.
writeFloatBE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit float.
writeFloatLE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit float.
writeInt8() Writes the specified bytes to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 8 bit integer
writeInt16BE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 16 bit integer.
writeInt16LE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 16 bit integer.
writeInt32BE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit integer.
writeInt32LE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit integer.
writeIntBE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object.
writeIntLE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object.
writeUInt8() Writes the specified bytes to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 8 bit unsigned integer
writeUInt16BE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 16 bit unsigned integer.
writeUInt16LE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 16 bit unsigned integer.
writeUInt32BE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit unsigned integer.
writeUInt32LE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object. The bytes should be 32 bit unsigned integer.
writeUIntBE() Writes the specified bytes, using big endian, to a Buffer object
writeUIntLE() Writes the specified bytes, using little endian, to a Buffer object
child_process - creation of child processes for parallel processing on multi-core CPU
--- child_process.exec(command[, options], callback)

      // support.js
      console.log("Child Process " + process.argv[2] + " executed." );

      // master.js
      const fs = require('fs');
      const child_process = require('child_process');
      for(var i=0; i<3; i++) {
        var workerProcess = child_process.exec('node support.js '+i,function
          (error, stdout, stderr) {
          if (error) {
            console.log(error.stack);
            console.log('Error code: '+error.code);
            console.log('Signal received: '+error.signal);
          }
          console.log('stdout: ' + stdout);
          console.log('stderr: ' + stderr);
        });
        workerProcess.on('exit', function (code) {
          console.log('Child process exited with exit code '+code);
        });
      }

      // > node master.js

      // Child process exited with exit code 0
      // stdout: Child Process 1 executed.
      // stderr:
      // Child process exited with exit code 0
      // stdout: Child Process 0 executed.
      // stderr:
      // Child process exited with exit code 0
      // stdout: Child Process 2 executed.
    
--- child_process.spawn(command[, args][, options])

      // support.js
      console.log("Child Process " + process.argv[2] + " executed." );

      // master.js
      const fs = require('fs');
      const child_process = require('child_process');
      for(var i = 0; i<3; i++) {
        var workerProcess = child_process.spawn('node', ['support.js', i]);
        workerProcess.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
          console.log('stdout: ' + data);
        });
        workerProcess.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
          console.log('stderr: ' + data);
        });
        workerProcess.on('close', function (code) {
          console.log('child process exited with code ' + code);
        });
      }

      // > node master.js

      // Verify the Output. Server has started
      // stdout: Child Process 0 executed.
      // child process exited with code 0
      // stdout: Child Process 1 executed.
      // stdout: Child Process 2 executed.
      // child process exited with code 0
      // child process exited with code 0
    
--- child_process.fork(modulePath[, args][, options])

      // support.js
      console.log("Child Process " + process.argv[2] + " executed." );

      // master.js
      const fs = require('fs');
      const child_process = require('child_process');
      for(var i=0; i<3; i++) {
          var worker_process = child_process.fork("support.js", [i]);
          worker_process.on('close', function (code) {
            console.log('child process exited with code ' + code);
          });
      }

      // > node master.js

      // Child Process 0 executed.
      // Child Process 1 executed.
      // Child Process 2 executed.
      // child process exited with code 0
      // child process exited with code 0
      // child process exited with code 0
    
cluster - creating child processes that runs simultaneously and share the same server port

    var cluster = require('cluster');
    if (cluster.isWorker) {
      console.log('I am a worker');
    } else {
      console.log('I am a master');
      cluster.fork();
      cluster.fork();
    }
  
Method Description
disconnect() Disconnects all workers
exitedAfterDisconnect Returns true if a worker was exited after disconnect, or the kill method
fork() Creates a new worker, from a master
id A unique id for a worker
isConnected Returns true if the worker is connected to its master, otherwise false
isDead Returns true if the worker's process is dead, otherwise false
isMaster Returns true if the current process is master, otherwise false
isWorker Returns true if the current process is worker, otherwise false
kill() Kills the current worker
process Returns the global Child Process
schedulingPolicy Sets or gets the schedulingPolicy
send() sends a message to a master or a worker
settings Returns an object containing the cluster's settings
setupMaster() Changes the settings of a cluster
worker Returns the current worker object
workers Returns all workers of a master
crypto - handling encrypted data

    var crypto = require('crypto');
    var mykey = crypto.createCipher('aes-128-cbc', 'mypassword');
    var mystr = mykey.update('abc', 'utf8', 'hex')
    mystr += mykey.final('hex');
    console.log(mystr); //34feb914c099df25794bf9ccb85bea72

    var crypto = require('crypto');
    var mykey = crypto.createDecipher('aes-128-cbc', 'mypassword');
    var mystr = mykey.update('34feb914c099df25794bf9ccb85bea72', 'hex', 'utf8')
    mystr += mykey.final('utf8');
    console.log(mystr); //abc
  
Method Description
constants Returns an object containing Crypto Constants
fips Checks if a FIPS crypto provider is in use
createCipher() Creates a Cipher object using the specific algorithm and password
createCipheriv() Creates a Cipher object using the specific algorithm, password and initialization vector
createDecipher() Creates a Decipher object using the specific algorithm and password
createDecipheriv() Creates a Decipher object using the specific algorithm, password and initialization vector
createDiffieHellman() Creates a DiffieHellman key exchange object
createECDH() Creates an Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellmann key exchange object
createHash() Creates a Hash object using the specified algorithm
createHmac() Creates a Hmac object using the specified algorithm and key
createSign() Creates a Sign object using the specified algorithm and key
createVerify() Creates a Verify object using the specified algorithm
getCiphers Returns an array of supported cipher algorithms
getCurves() Returns an array of supported elliptic curves
getDiffieHellman() Returns a predefined Diffie Hellman key exchange object
getHashes() Returns an array of supported hash algorithms
pbkdf2() Creates a Password Based Key Derivation Function 2 implementation
pbkdf2Sync() Creates a synchronous Password Based Key Derivation Function 2 implementation
privateDecrypt() Decrypts data using a private key
timingSafeEqual() Compare two Buffers and returns true is they are equal, otherwise false
privateEncrypt() Encrypts data using a private key
publicDecrypt() Decrypts data using a public key
publicEncrypt() Encrypts data using a public key
randomBytes() Creates random data
setEngine() Sets the engine for some or all OpenSSL function
dgram - working with Datagram sockets (send messages from one computer/server to another)

    // dgram.js
    var dgram = require('dgram');
    var s = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
    s.on('message', function(msg, rinfo) {
      console.log('I got this message: ' + msg.toString());
    });
    s.bind(8080);

    // dgram_send.js
    var dgram = require('dgram');
    var s = dgram.createSocket('udp4');
    s.send(Buffer.from('abc'), 8080, 'localhost');
  
dns - performing name resolutions

    var dns = require('dns');
    var w3 = dns.lookup('w3schools.com', function (err, addresses, family) {
      console.log(addresses);
    });
  
Method Description
getServers() Returns an array containing all IP addresses belonging to the current server
lookup() Looks up a hostname. A callback function contains information about the hostname, including it's IP address
lookupService() Looks up a address and port. A callback function contains information about the address, such as the hostname
resolve() Returns an array of record types belonging to the specified hostname
resolve4() Looks up an IPv4 address. The callback function includes an array of IPv4 addresses
resolve6() Looks up an IPv6 address. The callback function includes an array of IPv6 addresses
resolveCname() Looks up CNAME records for the specified hostname. The callback function includes an array of available domains for the hostname
resolveMx() Looks up mail exchange records for the specified hostname.
resolveNaptr() Looks up regular expression based records for the specified hostname.
resolveNs() Looks up name server records for the specified hostname.
resolveSoa() Looks up a start of authority record for the specified hostname.
resolveSrv() Looks up service records for the specified hostname.
resolvePtr() Looks up pointer records for the specified hostname.
resolveTxt() Looks up text query records for the specified hostname.
reverse() Reverses an IP address into an array of hostnames
setServers() Sets the IP addresses of the servers
events - working with events

    var fs = require('fs');
    var rs = fs.createReadStream('./demofile.txt');
    rs.on('open', function () {
      console.log('The file is open');
    });

    var events = require('events');
    var eventEmitter = new events.EventEmitter();
    //Create an event handler:
    var myEventHandler = function () {
      console.log('I hear a scream!');
    }
    //Assign the event handler to an event:
    eventEmitter.on('scream', myEventHandler);
    //Fire the 'scream' event:
    eventEmitter.emit('scream');
  
Method Description
addListener() Adds the specified listener
defaultMaxListeners Sets the maximum number of listeners allowed for one event. Default is 10
emit() Call all the listeners registered with the specified name
eventNames() Returns an array containing all registered events
getMaxListeners() Returns the maximum number of listeners allowed for one event
listenerCount() Returns the number of listeners with the specified name
listeners() Returns an array of listeners with the specified name
on() Adds the specified listener
once() Adds the specified listener once. When the specified listener has been executed, the listener is removed
prependListener() Adds the specified listener as the first event with the specified name
prependOnceListener() Adds the specified listener as the first event with the specified name, once. When the specified listener has been executed, the listener is removed
removeAllListeners() Removes all listeners with the specified name, or ALL listeners if no name is specified
removeListener() Removes the specified listener with the specified name
setMaxListeners() Sets the maximum number of listeners allowed for one event. Default is 10
fs - working with the file system

    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.readFile('demofile.txt', 'utf8', function(err, data) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(data);
    });

    var http = require('http');
    var fs = require('fs');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      fs.readFile('demofile1.html', function(err, data) {
        res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
        res.write(data);
        res.end();
      });
    }).listen(8080);

    // --- Create Files

    // new file using the appendFile()
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.appendFile('mynewfile1.txt', 'Hello content!', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('Saved!');
    });

    // open() - takes a "flag" as the second argument,
    // if the flag is "w" for "writing", the specified file is opened for writing
    // if the file does not exist, an empty file is created
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.open('mynewfile2.txt', 'w', function (err, file) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('Saved!');
    });

    // writeFile() - replace the specified file and content if it exists
    // if the file does not exist, a new file, containing the specified content, will be created
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.writeFile('mynewfile3.txt', 'Hello content!', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('Saved!');
    });

    // --- Update Files

    // appendFile() - append specified content at the end of the specified file
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.appendFile('mynewfile1.txt', ' This is my text.', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('Updated!');
    });

    // writeFile() - replace specified file and content
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.writeFile('mynewfile3.txt', 'This is my text', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('Replaced!');
    });

    // --- Delete Files - unlink()
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.unlink('mynewfile2.txt', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('File DELETED !');
    });

    // --- Rename Files - rename()
    var fs = require('fs');
    fs.rename('mynewfile1.txt', 'myrenamedfile.txt', function (err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log('File Renamed!');
    });

    // --- serve the file requested by the client
    // http://localhost:8080/summer.html
    // http://localhost:8080/winter.html
    var http = require('http');
    var url = require('url');
    var fs = require('fs');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      var q = url.parse(req.url, true);
      var filename = "." + q.pathname;
      fs.readFile(filename, function(err, data) {
        if (err) {
          res.writeHead(404, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
          return res.end("404 Not Found");
        }
        res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
        res.write(data);
        return res.end();
      });
    }).listen(8080);
  
Method Description
access() Checks if a user has access to this file or directory
accessSync() Same as access(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
appendFile() Appends data to a file
appendFileSync() Same as appendFile(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
chmod() Changes the mode of a file
chmodSync() Same as chmod(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
chown() Changes the owner of a file
chownSync() Same as chown(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
close() Closes a file
closeSync() Same as close(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
constants Returns an object containing constant values for the file system
createReadStream() Returns a new stream object
createWriteStream() Returns a new writeable stream object
exists() Deprecated. Checks if a file or folder exists
existsSync() Same as exists(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous. This method is NOT deprecated
fchmod() Changes the mode of a file
fchmodSync() Same as fchmod(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
fchown() Changes the owner of a file
fchownSync() Same as fchown(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
fdatasync() Syncronizes a file with the one stored on the computer
fdatasyncSync() Same as fdatasync(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
fstat() Returns the status of a file
fstatSync() Same as fstat(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
fsync() Syncronizes a file with the one stored on the computer
fsyncSync() Same as fsync(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
ftruncated() Truncates a file
ftruncatedSync() Same as ftruncated(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
futimes() Change the timestamp of a file
futimesSync() Same as futimes(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
lchmod() Changes the mode of a file, for Mac OS X
lchmodSync() Same as lchmod(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
lchown() Changes the owner of a file, for Mac OS X
lchownSync() Same as lchown(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
link() Makes an addition name for a file. Both the old and the new name may be used
linksync() Same as link(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
lstat() Returns the status of a file
lstatSync() Same as lstat(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
mkdir() Makes a new directory
mkdirSync() Same as mkdir(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
mkdtemp() Makes a new temporary directory
mkdtempSync() Same as mktemp(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
open() Opens a file
openSync() Same as open(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
read() Reads the content of a file
readdir() Reads the content of a directory
readdirSync() Same as readdir(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
readFile() Reads the content of a file
readFileSync() Same as readFile(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
readlink() Reads the value of a link
readlinkSync() Same as readlink(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
realpath() Returns the absolute pathname
realpathSync() Same as realpath(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
rename() Renames a file
renameSync() Same as rename(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
rmdir() Removes a directory
rmdirSync() Same as rmdir(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
stat() Returns the status of a file
statSync() Same as stat(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
symlink() Makes a symbolic name for a file
symlinkSync() Same as symlink(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
truncate() Truncates a file
truncateSync() Same as truncate(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
unlink() Removes a link
unlinkSync() Same as unlink(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
unwatchFile() Stops watching for changes on a filename
utimes() Change the timestamp of a file
utimesSync() Same as utimes(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
watch() Watch for changes of a filename or directoryname
watchFile() Watch for changes of a filename
write() Writes buffer to a file
write() Writes data to a file
writeFile() Writes data to a file
writeFileSync() Same as writeFile(), but synchronous instead of asynchronous
writeSync() Same as write(); writes buffer to a file synchronous instead of asynchronous
writeSync() Same as write(); writes data to a file synchronous instead of asynchronous
http - making Node.js transfer data over HTTP

    // --- createServer(requestListener)
    // function to be executed every time the server gets a request
    // called a requestListener, and handles request from the user and back
    // - app.js
    var http = require('http'); // HTTP module
    var dt = require('./firstmodule');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) { // create a server
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}); // http header
      res.write("The date and time are currently: " + dt.myDateTime()); // response to the client
      // res.end('Hello World!'); //end the response
      res.end();
    }).listen(8080);
    // - firstmodule.js - module example, returns a date and time object
    exports.myDateTime = function () {
      return Date();
    };
    // start script: node app.js
    // local server page: http://localhost:8080

    var http = require('http');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
      res.write(req.url); // url - holds the part of the url that comes after the domain name
      res.end();
    }).listen(8080);
    // "localhost:8080/summer" produces "/summer"

    var http = require('http');
    var url = require('url');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
      var q = url.parse(req.url, true).query;
      var txt = q.year + " " + q.month;
      res.end(txt);
    }).listen(8080);
    // "localhost:8080/?year=2017&month=July" produces "2017 July"

    var http = require('http');
    var url = require('url');
    var fs = require('fs');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      var q = url.parse(req.url, true);
      var filename = "." + q.pathname;
      fs.readFile(filename, function(err, data) {
        if (err) {
          res.writeHead(404, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
          return res.end("404 Not Found");
        }
        res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
        res.write(data);
        return res.end();
      });
    }).listen(8080);
    // http://localhost:8080/summer.html
    // http://localhost:8080/winter.html
  
Method Description
createServer() Creates an HTTP server
get() Sets the method to GET, and returns an object containing the user's request
globalAgent Returns the HTTP Agent
request() Returns an object containing the user's request
https - making Node.js transfer data over HTTP TLS/SSL protocol

    var https = require('https');
    https.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
      res.write('Hello World!');
      res.end();
    }).listen(8080);
  
Method Description
createServer() Creates an HTTPS server
get() Sets the method to GET, and returns an object containing the user's request
globalAgent Returns the HTTPS Agent
request Makes a request to a secure web server
net - creating TCP servers and TCP clients

    var net = require('net');
  
Method Description
connect() Creates a new connection to the server, and returns a new Socket
createConnection() Creates a new connection to the server, and returns a new Socket
createServer() Creates a new server
isIP Checks if the specified value is an IP address
isIPv4 Checks if the specified value is an IPv4 address
isIPv6 Checks if the specified value is an IPv6 address
os - information about operating system

    var os = require('os');
    console.log("Platform: " + os.platform());
    console.log("Architecture: " + os.arch());
  
Method Description
arch() Returns the operating system CPU architecture
constants Returns an object containing the operating system's constants for process signals, error cotes etc.
cpus() Returns an array containing information about the computer's CPUs
endiannes() Returns the endianness of the CPU
EOL Returns the end-of-line marker for the current operating system
freemem() Returns the number of free memory of the system
hostname() Returns the hostname of the operating system
loadavg() Returns an array containing the load averages, (1, 5, and 15 minutes)
networkInterfaces() Returns the network interfaces that has a network address
platform() Returns information about the operating system's platform
release() Returns information about the operating system's release
tmpdir() Returns the operating system's default directory for temporary files
totalmem() Returns the number of total memory of the system
type() Returns the name of the operating system
uptime() Returns the uptime of the operating system, in seconds
userInfo() Returns information about the current user
path - working with directories and file paths

    // --- basename(path, ?extension) - filename part of a file path
    var filename = path.basename('/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js');
    console.log(filename);
    var filename = path.basename('/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js', '.js');
    console.log(filename);

    // --- path.delimiter - delimiter specified for the server
    // ; - (semicolon) for Windows
    // : - (colon) for POSIX
    var path = require('path');
    console.log(path.delimiter);

    // --- path.dirname(path) - returns the directories of a file path, search in
    var directories = path.dirname('/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js');
    console.log(directories);

    // --- extname(path) - extension of a file path
    var ext = path.extname('/Users/Refsnes/demo_path.js');
    console.log(ext);

    // --- format(pathObject) - method formats a path object into a path string
    var obj = { dir: 'C:\\Users\\Refsnes', base: 'demo_path.js' }
    var p = path.format(obj);
    console.log(p);

    // --- isAbsolute(path) - returns true if the specified path is an absolute path OR false
    console.log(path.isAbsolute('/test/demo_path.js')); //true
    console.log(path.isAbsolute('test/demo_path.js')); //false
    console.log(path.isAbsolute('C:\\test\\demo_path.js')); //true

    // --- join(paths) - joins the specified path segments into one path
    // specify as many path segments as you like
    // path segments must be strings, separated by comma
    var x = path.join('Users', 'Refsnes', 'demo_path.js');
    console.log(x);

    // --- normalize(path) - method resolves the specified path, fixing '..','\\\\' etc.
    var x = path.normalize('Users/Refsnes/../Jackson');
    console.log(x);
  
Method Description
basename() Returns the last part of a path
delimiter Returns the delimiter specified for the platform
dirname() Returns the directories of a path
extname() Returns the file extension of a path
format() Formats a path object into a path string
isAbsolute() Returns true if a path is an absolute path, otherwise false
join() Joins the specified paths into one
normalize() Normalizes the specified path
parse() Formats a path string into a path object
posix Returns an object containing POSIX specific properties and methods
relative() Returns the relative path from one specified path to another specified path
resolve() Resolves the specified paths into an absolute path
sep Returns the segment separator specified for the platform
win32 Returns an object containing Windows specific properties and methods
querystring - parsing the URL query string

    var querystring = require('querystring');
    var q = querystring.parse('year=2017&month=february');
    console.log(q.year);
  
Method Description
escape() Returns an escaped querystring
parse() Parses the querystring and returns an object
stringify() Stringifies an object, and returns a query string
unescape() Returns an unescaped query string
readline - reading a datastream, one line at a time

    var readline = require('readline');
    var fs = require('fs');
    var myInterface = readline.createInterface({
      input: fs.createReadStream('demofile1.html')
    });
    var lineno = 0;
    myInterface.on('line', function (line) {
      lineno++;
      console.log('Line number ' + lineno + ': ' + line);
    });
  
Method Description
clearLine() Clears the current line of the specified stream
clearScreenDown() Clears the specified stream from the current cursor down position
createInterface() Creates an Interface object
cursorTo() Moves the cursor to the specified position
emitKeypressEvents() Fires keypress events for the specified stream
moveCursor() Moves the cursor to a new position, relative to the current position
stream - handling streaming data

    var http = require('http');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
      res.write('Hello World!');
      res.end();
    }).listen(8080);
  
Readable Stream
Method Description
isPaused() Returns true if the state of  the readable stream is paused, otherwise false
pause() Pauses the readable stream
pipe() Turns the readable stream into the specified writable stream
read() Returns a specified part of the readable stream
resume() Resumes a paused stream
setEncoding() Sets the character encoding of the readable stream
unpipe() Stops turning a readable stream into a writable stream, caused by the pipe() method
unshift() Pushes some specified data back into the internal buffer
wrap() Helps reading streams made by older Node.js versions
Writable Stream
Method Description
cork() Stops the writable stream and all written data will be buffered in memory
end() Ends the writable stream
setDefaultEncoding() Sets the encoding for the writable stream
uncork() Flushes all data that has been buffered since the cork() method was called
write() Writes data to the stream
string_decoder - decoding Buffer objects into strings

    var StringDecoder = require('string_decoder').StringDecoder;
    var d = new StringDecoder('utf8');
    var b = Buffer('abc');
    console.log(b); //write buffer
    console.log(d.write(b)); // write decoded buffer;
  
Method Description
end() Returns what remains of the input stored in the internal buffer
write() Returns the specified buffer as a string
Timers - scheduling functions to be called later at a given time

    var myInt = setInterval(function () {
      console.log("Hello");
    }, 500);
  
Method Description
clearImmediate() Cancels an Immediate object
clearInterval() Cancels an Interval object
clearTimeout() Cancels a Timeout object
ref() Makes the Timeout object active. Will only have an effect if the Timeout.unref() method has been called to make the Timeout object inactive.
setImmediate() Executes a given function immediately.
setInterval() Executes a given function at every given milliseconds
setTimeout() Executes a given function after a given time (in milliseconds)
unref() Stops the Timeout object from remaining active.
tls - implementing TLS (Transport Layer Security) and SSL (Secure Socket Layer)

    var tls = require('tls');
  
Method Description
connect() Returns a Socket object
createSecureContext() Creates an object containing security details
createServer() Creates a Server object
getCiphers() Returns an array containing the supported SSL ciphers
url - parsing the URL string

    var http = require('http');
    var url = require('url');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
      var q = url.parse(req.url, true);
      res.write(q.href);
      res.end();
    }).listen(8080);

    // split a web address into readable parts
    var url = require('url');
    var adr = 'http://localhost:8080/default.htm?year=2017&month=february';
    var q = url.parse(adr, true);
    console.log(q.host); //returns 'localhost:8080'
    console.log(q.pathname); //returns '/default.htm'
    console.log(q.search); //returns '?year=2017&month=february'
    var qdata = q.query; //returns an object: { year: 2017, month: 'february' }
    console.log(qdata.month); //returns 'february'
  
Method Description
url.format() Returns a formatted URL string
url.parse() Returns a URL object
url.resolve() Resolves a URL
util - access to some utility functions

    var util = require('util');
    var txt = 'Congratulate %s on his %dth birthday!';
    var result = util.format(txt, 'Linus', 6);
    console.log(result);
  
Method Description
debuglog() Writes debug messages to the error object
deprecate() Marks the specified function as deprecated
format() Formats the specified string, using the specified arguments
inherits() Inherits methods from one function into another
inspect() Inspects the specified object and returns the object as a string
vm - executing JS on a virtual machine, almost like eval() in JS

    var vm = require('vm');
    var myObj = { name: 'John', age: 38 };
    vm.createContext(myObj);
    vm.runInContext('age += 1;', myObj);
    console.log(myObj);
  
Method Description
createContext() Prepares a virtual machine, or sandbox, where you can execute scripts
isContext() Returns true if the specified sandbox has been created by the createContext() method
runInContext() Executes JavaScript code in the specified context, and returns the result
runInDebug() Executes JavaScript inside the debug context
runInNewContext() Executes JavaScript code in a new context, and returns the result
runInThisContext() Executes JavaScript code in the global context, and returns the result
zlib - zip and unzip files

    var zlib = require('zlib');
    var fs = require('fs');
    var gzip = zlib.createGzip();
    var r = fs.createReadStream('./demofile.txt');
    var w = fs.createWriteStream('./mygzipfile.txt.gz');
    r.pipe(gzip).pipe(w);
  
Method Description
constants Returns an object containing Zlib constants
createDeflate() Creates a Deflate object
createDeflateRaw() Creates a DeflateRaw object
createGunzip() Creates a Gunzip object
createGzip() Creates a Gzip object
createInflate() Creates a Inflate object
createInflateRaw() Creates a InflateRaw object
createUnzip() Creates a Unzip object
deflate() Compress a string or buffer, using Deflate
deflateSync() Compress a string or buffer, syncronously, using Deflate
deflateRaw() Compress a string or buffer, using DeflateRaw
deflateRawSync() Compress a string or buffer, syncronously, using DeflateRaw
gunzip() Compress a string or buffer, using Gunzip
gunzipSync() Compress a string or buffer, syncronously, using Gunzip
gzip() Compress a string or buffer, using Gzip
gzipSync() Compress a string or buffer, syncronously, using Gzip
inflate() Decompress a string or buffer, using Inflate
inflateSync() Decompress a string or buffer, syncronously, using Inflate
inflateRaw() Decompress a string or buffer, using InflateRaw
inflateRawSync() Decompress a string or buffer, syncronously, using InflateRaw
unzip() Decompress a string or buffer, using Unzip
unzipSync() Decompress a string or buffer, syncronously, using Unzip

package.json


    {
      // --- package name
      "name": "package-name",
      // --- entry point of a package when imported by name via a node_modules lookup, value is a path
      // "exports" field will take precedence over the "main" field when importing the package by name
      // also defines the script that is used when the package directory is loaded via require()
      // require('./path/to/directory') resolves to ./path/to/directory/index.js:
      "main": "./index.js",
      // --- which package manager is expected to be used when working on the current project
      "packageManager": "<package manager name>@<version>",
      // --- module format that Node.js uses for all .js files that have that package.json file as their nearest parent
      // .mjs files are always treated as ES modules and .cjs files are always treated as CommonJS
      // nearest parent package.json is defined as the first package.json found when searching in the current folder,
      // that folder parent, and so on up until a node_modules folder or the volume root is reached
      "type": "module",
      "type": "commonjs", // default in all scenarios
      // --- entry points of a package when imported by name loaded either via a node_modules lookup or a self-reference to its own name
      // alternative to the "main" that can support defining subpath exports and conditional exports while encapsulating internal unexported modules
      // all paths defined must be relative file URLs starting with ./
      "exports": "./index.js"
      // Conditional Exports within "exports" define different package entry points per environment
      "exports": {
        "import": "./index-module.js", // matches when the package is loaded via import or import()
        "require": "./index-require.cjs", // matches when the package is loaded via require()
        ".": {
          "import": "./esm/index.js",
          "require": "./commonjs/index.cjs",
        },
        default": "./commonjs/index.cjs", // generic fallback that always matches, CommonJS or ES module file, should always come last
      },
      "type": "module",
      // --- imports permit mapping to external packages, defines subpath imports for the current package
      // entries in the imports field must be strings starting with #
      "imports": {
        "#dep": {
          "node": "dep-node-native",
          "default": "./dep-polyfill.js"
        }
      },
      "dependencies": {
        "dep-node-native": "^1.0.0"
      }
    }
  

Streams

Reading from a Stream

    var fs = require("fs");
    var data = '';
    // Create a readable stream
    var readerStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt');
    // Set the encoding to be utf8.
    readerStream.setEncoding('UTF8');
    // Handle stream events --> data, end, and error
    readerStream.on('data', function(chunk) {
        data += chunk;
    });
    readerStream.on('end',function() {
        console.log(data);
    });
    readerStream.on('error', function(err) {
        console.log(err.stack);
    });
    console.log("Program Ended");

    // implement a readable stream
    const { Readable } = require('stream');
    const inStream = new Readable({
      read() {}
    });
    inStream.push('ABCDEFGHIJKLM');
    inStream.push('NOPQRSTUVWXYZ');
    inStream.push(null); // signal that the stream does not have any more data
    inStream.pipe(process.stdout); // consume

    const inStream = new Readable({
      read(size) {
        this.push(String.fromCharCode(this.currentCharCode++));
        if (this.currentCharCode > 90) {
          this.push(null);
        }
      }
    });
    inStream.currentCharCode = 65;
    inStream.pipe(process.stdout);
  
Writing to a Stream

    var fs = require("fs");
    var data = 'Simply Easy Learning';
    // Create a writable stream
    var writerStream = fs.createWriteStream('output.txt');
    // Write the data to stream with encoding to be utf8
    writerStream.write(data,'UTF8');
    // Mark the end of file
    writerStream.end();
    // Handle stream events --> finish, and error
    writerStream.on('finish', function() {
        console.log("Write completed.");
    });
    writerStream.on('error', function(err) {
        console.log(err.stack);
    });
    console.log("Program Ended");

    // implementing a writable stream
    const outStream = new Writable({
      write(
        chunk, // buffer, unless we configure the stream differently
        encoding, // needed in this case, but usually we can ignore it
        callback
      ) {
        console.log(chunk.toString());
        callback();
      }
    });
    process.stdin.pipe(outStream); // consume
  
Events

    // readable.pipe(writable)
    readable.on('data', (chunk) => {
      writable.write(chunk);
    });
    readable.on('end', () => {
      writable.end();
    });
  
Piping the Streams

    // provide the output of one stream as the input to another stream.
    // normally used to get data from one stream and
    // to pass the output of that stream to another stream.
    // there is no limit on piping operations

    // reading from one file and writing it to another file
    var fs = require("fs");
    // Create a readable stream
    var readerStream = fs.createReadStream('input.txt');
    // Create a writable stream
    var writerStream = fs.createWriteStream('output.txt');
    // Pipe the read and write operations
    // read input.txt and write data to output.txt
    readerStream.pipe(writerStream);
    console.log("Program Ended");
  
Chaining the Streams

    // connect the output of one stream to another stream and
    // create a chain of multiple stream operations.
    // normally used with piping operations

    // use piping and chaining to first compress a file
    var fs = require("fs");
    var zlib = require('zlib');
    // Compress the file input.txt to input.txt.gz
    fs.createReadStream('input.txt')
       .pipe(zlib.createGzip())
       .pipe(fs.createWriteStream('input.txt.gz'));
    console.log("File Compressed.");

    //  and then decompress the same
    var fs = require("fs");
    var zlib = require('zlib');
    // Decompress the file input.txt.gz to input.txt
    fs.createReadStream('input.txt.gz')
       .pipe(zlib.createGunzip())
       .pipe(fs.createWriteStream('input.txt'));
    console.log("File Decompressed.");
  
Duplex/Transform Streams

    // combines the two writable and readable examples
    const { Duplex } = require('stream');
    const inoutStream = new Duplex({
      write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        console.log(chunk.toString());
        callback();
      },
      read(size) {
        this.push(String.fromCharCode(this.currentCharCode++));
        if (this.currentCharCode > 90) {
          this.push(null);
        }
      }
    });
    inoutStream.currentCharCode = 65;
    process.stdin.pipe(inoutStream).pipe(process.stdout);

    // simple transform stream which echoes back anything in upper case format
    const { Transform } = require('stream');
    const upperCaseTr = new Transform({
      transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        this.push(chunk.toString().toUpperCase());
        callback();
      }
    });
    process.stdin.pipe(upperCaseTr).pipe(process.stdout);

    // string of comma-separated values into a JS object
    // "a,b,c,d" becomes "{a: b, c: d}"
    const { Transform } = require('stream');
    const commaSplitter = new Transform({
      readableObjectMode: true,
      transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        this.push(chunk.toString().trim().split(','));
        callback();
      }
    });
    const arrayToObject = new Transform({
      readableObjectMode: true,
      writableObjectMode: true,
      transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        const obj = {};
        for(let i=0; i < chunk.length; i+=2) {
          obj[chunk[i]] = chunk[i+1];
        }
        this.push(obj);
        callback();
      }
    });
    const objectToString = new Transform({
      writableObjectMode: true,
      transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        this.push(JSON.stringify(chunk) + '\n');
        callback();
      }
    });
    process.stdin
      .pipe(commaSplitter)
      .pipe(arrayToObject)
      .pipe(objectToString)
      .pipe(process.stdout)
  

    // file-compression script, gzip any file
    const fs = require('fs');
    const zlib = require('zlib');
    const file = process.argv[2];
    fs.createReadStream(file)
      .pipe(zlib.createGzip())
      .pipe(fs.createWriteStream(file + '.gz'));

    // with progress indicator
    const fs = require('fs');
    const zlib = require('zlib');
    const file = process.argv[2];
    fs.createReadStream(file)
      .pipe(zlib.createGzip())
      .on('data', () => process.stdout.write('.'))
      .pipe(fs.createWriteStream(file + '.zz'))
      .on('finish', () => console.log('Done'));

    // or ...
    const fs = require('fs');
    const zlib = require('zlib');
    const file = process.argv[2];
    const { Transform } = require('stream');
    const reportProgress = new Transform({
      transform(chunk, encoding, callback) {
        process.stdout.write('.');
        callback(null, chunk);
      }
    });
    fs.createReadStream(file)
      .pipe(zlib.createGzip())
      .pipe(reportProgress)
      .pipe(fs.createWriteStream(file + '.zz'))
      .on('finish', () => console.log('Done'));

    // encrypt the file before or after we gzip it
    const crypto = require('crypto');
    // ...
    fs.createReadStream(file)
      .pipe(zlib.createGzip())
      .pipe(crypto.createCipher('aes192', 'a_secret'))
      .pipe(reportProgress)
      .pipe(fs.createWriteStream(file + '.zz'))
      .on('finish', () => console.log('Done'));
    // then unzip
    fs.createReadStream(file)
      .pipe(crypto.createDecipher('aes192', 'a_secret'))
      .pipe(zlib.createGunzip())
      .pipe(reportProgress)
      .pipe(fs.createWriteStream(file.slice(0, -3)))
      .on('finish', () => console.log('Done'));
  

Errors


    // Throws with a ReferenceError because b is undefined
    try {
      const a = 1;
      const c = a + b;
    } catch (err) {
      console.log(err);
    }

    const fs = require('fs');
    function nodeStyleCallback(err, data) {
     if (err) {
       console.error('There was an error', err);
       return;
     }
     console.log(data);
    }
    fs.readFile('/some/file/that/does-not-exist', nodeStyleCallback);
    fs.readFile('/some/file/that/does-exist', nodeStyleCallback);
  

CL options

Index Option Description
1 v, --version It is used to print node's version
2 -h, --help It is used to print node command line options
3 -e, --eval "script" It evaluates the following argument as JavaScript. The modules which are predefined in the REPL can also be used in script
4 -p, --print "script" It is identical to -e but prints the result
5 -c, --check Syntax check the script without executing
6 -i, --interactive It opens the REPL even if stdin does not appear to be a terminal
7 -r, --require module It is used to preload the specified module at startup. It follows require()'s module resolution rules. Module may be either a path to a file, or a node module name
8 --no-deprecation Silence deprecation warnings
9 --trace-deprecation It is used to print stack traces for deprecations
10 --throw-deprecation It throws errors for deprecations
11 --no-warnings It silence all process warnings (including deprecations)
12 --trace-warnings It prints stack traces for process warnings (including deprecations)
13 --trace-sync-io It prints a stack trace whenever synchronous i/o is detected after the first turn of the event loop
14 --zero-fill-buffers Automatically zero-fills all newly allocated buffer and slowbuffer instances
15 --track-heap-objects It tracks heap object allocations for heap snapshots
16 --prof-process It processes V8 profiler output generated using the v8 option --prof
17 --V8-options It prints V8 command line options
18 --tls-cipher-list=list It specifies an alternative default tls cipher list. (requires node.js to be built with crypto support (default))
19 --enable-fips It enables fips-compliant crypto at startup. (requires node.js to be built with ./configure --openssl-fips)
20 --force-fips It forces fips-compliant crypto on startup. (cannot be disabled from script code) (same requirements as --enable-fips)
21 --icu-data-dir=file It specifies ICU data load path (Overrides node_icu_data)

Formidable - file uploads


    // --- Upload Form

    var http = require('http');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
      res.write('<form action="fileupload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">');
      res.write('<input type="file" name="filetoupload"><br>');
      res.write('<input type="submit">');
      res.write('</form>');
      return res.end();
    }).listen(8080);

    // --- Parse the Uploaded File

    var http = require('http');
    var formidable = require('formidable');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      if (req.url == '/fileupload') {
        var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
        form.parse(req, function (err, fields, files) {
          res.write('File uploaded');
          res.end();
        });
      } else {
        res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
        res.write('<form action="fileupload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">');
        res.write('<input type="file" name="filetoupload"><br>');
        res.write('<input type="submit">');
        res.write('</form>');
        return res.end();
      }
    }).listen(8080);

    // --- Save the File

    var http = require('http');
    var formidable = require('formidable');
    var fs = require('fs');
    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
      if (req.url == '/fileupload') {
        var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
        form.parse(req, function (err, fields, files) {
          var oldpath = files.filetoupload.path;
          var newpath = 'C:/Users/Your Name/' + files.filetoupload.name;
          fs.rename(oldpath, newpath, function (err) {
            if (err) throw err;
            res.write('File uploaded and moved!');
            res.end();
          });
     });
      } else {
        res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
        res.write('<form action="fileupload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">');
        res.write('<input type="file" name="filetoupload"><br>');
        res.write('<input type="submit">');
        res.write('</form>');
        return res.end();
      }
    }).listen(8080);
  

Nodemailer


    // --- Send an Email

    var nodemailer = require('nodemailer');
    var transporter = nodemailer.createTransport({
      service: 'gmail',
      auth: {
        user: 'youremail@gmail.com',
        pass: 'yourpassword'
      }
    });
    var mailOptions = {
      from: 'youremail@gmail.com',
      to: 'myfriend@yahoo.com',
      subject: 'Sending Email using Node.js',
      text: 'That was easy!'
    };
    transporter.sendMail(mailOptions, function(error, info){
      if (error) {
        console.log(error);
      } else {
        console.log('Email sent: ' + info.response);
      }
    });

    // --- Multiple Receivers
    // "to" property of the mailOptions object, separated by commas

    var mailOptions = {
      from: 'youremail@gmail.com',
      to: 'myfriend@yahoo.com, myotherfriend@yahoo.com',
      subject: 'Sending Email using Node.js',
      text: 'That was easy!'
    }

    // --- Send HTML

    var mailOptions = {
      from: 'youremail@gmail.com',
      to: 'myfriend@yahoo.com',
      subject: 'Sending Email using Node.js',
      html: '<h1>Welcome</h1><p>That was easy!</p>'
    }
  

MySQL


    // --- Create Connection
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
    });
    // --- Query a Database
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Result: " + result);
      });
    });
  
Creating a Database

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      con.query("CREATE DATABASE mydb", function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Database created");
      });
    });
  
Creating a Table

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      var sql = "CREATE TABLE customers (name VARCHAR(255), address VARCHAR(255))";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Table created");
      });
    });

    // --- Primary Key

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      var sql = "CREATE TABLE customers (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), address VARCHAR(255))";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Table created");
      });
    });
    // --- on an existing table, ALTER TABLE:
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      var sql = "ALTER TABLE customers ADD COLUMN id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Table altered");
      });
    });
  
Insert

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      var sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES ('Company Inc', 'Highway 37')";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("1 record inserted");
      });
    });

    // --- Multiple Records
    // make an array containing the values,
    // and insert a question mark in the sql, which will be replaced by the value array:
    // INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES ?

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Connected!");
      var sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES ?";
      var values = [
        ['John', 'Highway 71'],
        ['Peter', 'Lowstreet 4'],
        ['Amy', 'Apple st 652'],
        ...
      ];
      con.query(sql, [values], function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Number of records inserted: " + result.affectedRows);
      });
    });

    // --- Result Object

    {
      fieldCount: 0,
      affectedRows: 14,
      insertId: 0,
      serverStatus: 2,
      warningCount: 0,
      message: '\'Records:14  Duplicated: 0  Warnings: 0',
      protocol41: true,
      changedRows: 0
    }
    // number of affected rows:
    console.log(result.affectedRows) // 14

    // --- Inserted ID
    // for tables with an auto increment id field
    // get the id of the row you just inserted by asking the result object
    // to be able to get the inserted id, only one row can be inserted

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address) VALUES ('Michelle', 'Blue Village 1')";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("1 record inserted, ID: " + result.insertId);
      });
    });
  
Select

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      con.query("SELECT * FROM customers", function (err, result, fields) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });
    // will give:
    [
      { id: 1, name: 'John', address: 'Highway 71'},
      { id: 2, name: 'Peter', address: 'Lowstreet 4'},
      ...
    ]

    // --- Selecting Columns

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      con.query("SELECT name, address FROM customers", function (err, result, fields) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });
    // will give:
    [
      { name: 'John', address: 'Highway 71'},
      { name: 'Peter', address: 'Lowstreet 4'},
      ...
    ]

    // --- Result Object

    console.log(result[2].address); // Apple st 652

    // --- Fields Object

    // third parameter of the callback function
    // an array containing information about each field in the result
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      con.query("SELECT name, address FROM customers", function (err, result, fields) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(fields);
      });
    });
  
Where

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      con.query(
        "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE address = 'Park Lane 38'",
        function (err, result) {
          if (err) throw err;
          console.log(result);
      });
    });

    // --- Wildcard Characters
    // % - represent zero, one or multiple characters

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      con.query("SELECT * FROM customers WHERE address LIKE 'S%'", function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });

    // --- Escaping Query Values

    var adr = 'Mountain 21';
    var sql = 'SELECT * FROM customers WHERE address = ' + mysql.escape(adr);
    con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(result);
    });
    // use a ? as a placeholder for the values to escape
    var adr = 'Mountain 21';
    var sql = 'SELECT * FROM customers WHERE address = ?';
    con.query(sql, [adr], function (err, result) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(result);
    });
    // multiple placeholders
    var name = 'Amy';
    var adr = 'Mountain 21';
    var sql = 'SELECT * FROM customers WHERE name = ? OR address = ?';
    con.query(sql, [name, adr], function (err, result) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log(result);
    });
  
Order

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      // con.query("SELECT * FROM customers ORDER BY name", function (err, result) {
      con.query("SELECT * FROM customers ORDER BY name DESC", function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });
  
Delete

    // If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be deleted !!!
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var sql = "DELETE FROM customers WHERE address = 'Mountain 21'";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Number of records deleted: " + result.affectedRows);
      });
    });

    // --- Result Object
    {
      fieldCount: 0,
      affectedRows: 1,
      insertId: 0,
      serverStatus: 34,
      warningCount: 0,
      message: '',
      protocol41: true,
      changedRows: 0
    }

    console.log(result.affectedRows)
  
Drop

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      // var sql = "DROP TABLE customers";
      var sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customers";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Table deleted");
      });
    });
    // If the table exist, the result object will look like this:
    {
      fieldCount: 0,
      affectedRows: 0,
      insertId: 0,
      serverstatus: 2,
      warningCount: 0,
      message: '',
      protocol41: true,
      changedRows: 0
    }
    // If the table does not exist, the result object will look like this:
    {
      fieldCount: 0,
      affectedRows: 0,
      insertId: 0,
      serverstatus: 2,
      warningCount: 1,
      message: '',
      protocol41: true,
      changedRows: 0
    }
    // warningCount property is set to 1 if the table does not exist
  
Update

    // If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated !!!
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var sql = "UPDATE customers SET address = 'Canyon 123' WHERE address = 'Valley 345'";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result.affectedRows + " record(s) updated");
      });
    });

    // --- Result Object

    {
      fieldCount: 0,
      affectedRows: 1,
      insertId: 0,
      serverStatus: 34,
      warningCount: 0,
      message: '(Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0',
      protocol41: true,
      changedRows: 1
    }

    console.log(result.affectedRows)
  
Limit, Offset

    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      // var sql = "SELECT * FROM customers LIMIT 5";
      // var sql = "SELECT * FROM customers LIMIT 5 OFFSET 2"; // starting from the third position !
      var sql = "SELECT * FROM customers LIMIT 2, 5";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });
  
Join

    // INNER JOIN and JOIN will both give same result
    var mysql = require('mysql');
    var con = mysql.createConnection({
      host: "localhost",
      user: "yourusername",
      password: "yourpassword",
      database: "mydb"
    });
    con.connect(function(err) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var sql = "SELECT users.name AS user, products.name AS favorite FROM users JOIN products ON users.favorite_product = products.id";
      con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
      });
    });

    // --- Left Join
    // all users, no matter if they have a favorite product or not
    SELECT users.name AS user,
    products.name AS favorite
    FROM users
    LEFT JOIN products ON users.favorite_product = products.id


    // --- Right Join
    // all products, and the users who have them as their favorite,
    // even if no user have them as their favorite
    SELECT users.name AS user,
    products.name AS favorite
    FROM users
    RIGHT JOIN products ON users.favorite_product = products.id
  

MongoDB


    // --- Creating a Database

    // database is not created until it gets content
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/mydb";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      console.log("Database created!");
      db.close();
    });

    // --- Creating a Collection
    // collection is not created until it gets content

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.createCollection("customers", function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Collection created!");
        db.close();
      });
    });
  
Insert

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myobj = { name: "Company Inc", address: "Highway 37" };
      dbo.collection("customers").insertOne(myobj, function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("1 document inserted");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Insert Multiple Documents

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myobj = [
        { name: 'John', address: 'Highway 71'},
        { name: 'Peter', address: 'Lowstreet 4'},
        { name: 'Amy', address: 'Apple st 652'},
        { name: 'Hannah', address: 'Mountain 21'},
        { name: 'Michael', address: 'Valley 345'},
        { name: 'Sandy', address: 'Ocean blvd 2'},
        { name: 'Betty', address: 'Green Grass 1'},
        { name: 'Richard', address: 'Sky st 331'},
        { name: 'Susan', address: 'One way 98'},
        { name: 'Vicky', address: 'Yellow Garden 2'},
        { name: 'Ben', address: 'Park Lane 38'},
        { name: 'William', address: 'Central st 954'},
        { name: 'Chuck', address: 'Main Road 989'},
        { name: 'Viola', address: 'Sideway 1633'}
      ];
      dbo.collection("customers").insertMany(myobj, function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("Number of documents inserted: " + res.insertedCount);
        db.close();
      });
    });

    //  --- _id Field
    // If you do not specify an _id field, MongoDB will add one
    // and assign a unique id for each document
    // if you specify the _id field, value must be unique for each document
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myobj = [
        { _id: 154, name: 'Chocolate Heaven'},
        { _id: 155, name: 'Tasty Lemon'},
        { _id: 156, name: 'Vanilla Dream'}
      ];
      dbo.collection("products").insertMany(myobj, function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(res);
        db.close();
      });
    });
    // will give:
    {
      result: { ok: 1, n: 3 },
      ops: [
        { _id: 154, name: 'Chocolate Heaven },
        { _id: 155, name: 'Tasty Lemon },
        { _id: 156, name: 'Vanilla Dream } ],
      insertedCount: 3,
      insertedIds: [
        154,
        155,
        156 ]
    }
  
Find

    // --- Find One

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").findOne({}, function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result.name);
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Find All

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find({}).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Find Some

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find(
        {},
        // which fields to include in the result
        { projection: { _id: 0, name: 1, address: 1 } }
      ).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
    // you are not allowed to specify both 0 and 1 values in the same object ( error ! )
    // (except if one of the fields is the _id field).
    // if you specify a field with the value 0, all other fields get the value 1, and vice versa:
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find({}, { projection: { address: 0 } }).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
    // to exclude the _id field, you must set its value to 0
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find({}, { projection: { _id: 0, name: 1 } }).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
    // same result as the first example; return all fields except the _id field:
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find({}, { projection: { _id: 0 } }).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
  
Filter

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var query = { address: "Park Lane 38" };
      dbo.collection("customers").find(query).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Regular Expressions, can only be used to query strings

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var query = { address: /^S/ };
      dbo.collection("customers").find(query).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
  
Sort

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var mysort = { name: 1 };
      // var mysort = { name: -1 };
      dbo.collection("customers").find().sort(mysort).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });
  
Delete

    // if the query finds more than one document, only the first occurrence is deleted
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myquery = { address: 'Mountain 21' };
      dbo.collection("customers").deleteOne(myquery, function(err, obj) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("1 document deleted");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Delete Many

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myquery = { address: /^O/ };
      dbo.collection("customers").deleteMany(myquery, function(err, obj) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(obj.result.n + " document(s) deleted");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // deleteMany() method returns an object which contains information
    // about how the execution affected the database
    console.log(obj.result.n);
  
Drop - delete a table, or collection

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").drop(function(err, delOK) {
        if (err) throw err;
        if (delOK) console.log("Collection deleted");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- db.dropCollection

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.dropCollection("customers", function(err, delOK) {
        if (err) throw err;
        if (delOK) console.log("Collection deleted");
        db.close();
      });
    });
  
Update

    // if the query finds more than one record, only the first occurrence is updated
    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myquery = { address: "Valley 345" };
      var newvalues = { $set: {name: "Mickey", address: "Canyon 123" } };
      // var newvalues = { $set: { address: "Canyon 123" } }; // Update Only Specific Fields
      dbo.collection("customers").updateOne(myquery, newvalues, function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log("1 document updated");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // --- Update Many Documents

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      var myquery = { address: /^S/ };
      var newvalues = {$set: {name: "Minnie"} };
      dbo.collection("customers").updateMany(myquery, newvalues, function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(res.result.nModified + " document(s) updated");
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // updateOne() and the updateMany() methods return an object
    / which contains information about how the execution affected the database
    {
      n: 1, nModified: 2, ok: 1
    }

    console.log(res.result.nModified); // 2
  
Limit

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection("customers").find().limit(5).toArray(function(err, result) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(result);
        db.close();
      });
    });

    // {a:1, b:1} , {a:2, b:1} , {a:2, b:2} , {a:2, b:3} , {a:3, b:1}
    // 1st Page
    find().sort({a:1, b:1}).limit(2) // {a:1, b:1} , {a:2, b:1}
    // 2nd Page
    find().min({a:2, b:1}).sort({a:1, b:1}).skip(1).limit(2) // {a:2, b:2} , {a:2, b:3}
    // 3rd Page
    find().min({a:2, b:3}).sort({a:1, b:1}).skip(1).limit(2) // {a:3, b:1}
  
Join

    var MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
    var url = "mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/";
    MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, db) {
      if (err) throw err;
      var dbo = db.db("mydb");
      dbo.collection('orders').aggregate([
        { $lookup:
            {
              from: 'products',
              localField: 'product_id',
              foreignField: '_id',
              as: 'orderdetails'
            }
          }
        ]).toArray(function(err, res) {
        if (err) throw err;
        console.log(JSON.stringify(res));
        db.close();
      });
    });
  

Redis/Cache


    wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-4.0.9.tar.gz
    tar xzf redis-4.0.9.tar.gz
    cd redis-4.0.9
    make
    # run Redis
    src/redis-server
    # interact with Redis using the built-in client
    src/redis-cli
    redis> set foo bar
    OK
    redis> get foo
    "bar"

    # start, stop
    /etc/init.d/redis-server stop
    /etc/init.d/redis-server start

    # client for NodeJS
    npm install redis
  

    // redisDemo.js
    var redis = require('redis');
    var client = redis.createClient(); // this creates a new client
    // var client = redis.createClient(port, host);

    // check for a successful connection
    client.on('connect', function() {
      console.log('Redis client connected');
    });

    // check if we failed to connect to the redis-server
    // might trigger when forget to start the redis-server before application is run
    client.on('error', function (err) {
      console.log('Something went wrong ' + err);
    });

    // set/get value
    client.set('my test key', 'my test value', redis.print);
    client.get('my test key', function (error, result) {
      if (error) {
        console.log(error);
        throw error;
      }
      console.log('GET result ->' + result);
    });

    // OUTPUT:
    //   Redis client connected
    //   Reply: OK
    //   GET result ->my test value
  
rediscache

    "use strict";
    // API Example with Redis as a Cache

    const express = require("express");
    const app = express();
    const { URL } = require("url");
    const redis = require("redis");
    const fetch = require("node-fetch");

    const apikey = process.env.DATAGOVAPIKEY;

    let connectionString = process.env.COMPOSE_REDIS_URL;

    if (connectionString === undefined) {
      console.error("Please set the COMPOSE_REDIS_URL environment variable");
      process.exit(1);
    }

    let client = null;

    if (connectionString.startsWith("rediss://")) {
      client = redis.createClient(connectionString, {
        tls: { servername: new URL(connectionString).hostname }
      });
    } else {
      client = redis.createClient(connectionString);
    }

    app.get("/schools", (req, resp) => {
      let terms = req.query.name;
      client.get("schools/" + terms, (err, result) => {
        if (result != null) {
          console.log("Cache hit for " + terms);
          resp.send(result);
        } else {
          console.log("Cache missed for " + terms);
          fetch(
            "https://api.data.gov/ed/collegescorecard/v1/schools?api_key=" +
              apikey +
              "&school.name=" +
              terms +
              "&fields=school.name,location.lon,location.lat&per_page=100"
          )
            .then(res => res.json())
            .then(json => {
              client.setex("schools/" + terms, 300, JSON.stringify(json));
              resp.send(json);
            })
            .catch(err => {
              console.error(err);
              resp.send(202);
            });
        }
      });
      return;
    });

    app.listen(3000);
  
cache

    "use strict";
    // API example with in-memory caching
    const express = require("express");
    const app = express();
    const fetch = require("node-fetch");

    const apikey = process.env.DATAGOVAPIKEY;

    let cache = {};

    app.get("/schools", (req, resp) => {
      let terms = req.query.name;
      let result = cache[terms];
      if (result != null) {
        console.log("Cache hit for " + terms);
        resp.send(result);
      } else {
        console.log("Cache missed for " + terms);
        fetch(
          "https://api.data.gov/ed/collegescorecard/v1/schools?api_key=" +
            apikey +
            "&school.name=" +
            terms +
            "&fields=school.name,location.lon,location.lat&per_page=100"
        )
          .then(res => res.json())
          .then(json => {
            cache[terms] = json;
            resp.send(json);
          })
          .catch(err => {
            console.error(err);
            resp.send(202);
          });
      }
      return;
    });

    app.listen(3000);
  
nocache

    "use strict";
    // API Example with no caching at all
    const express = require("express");
    const app = express();
    const fetch = require("node-fetch");

    const apikey = process.env.DATAGOVAPIKEY;

    app.get("/schools", (req, resp) => {
      let terms = req.query.name;
      fetch(
        "https://api.data.gov/ed/collegescorecard/v1/schools?api_key=" +
          apikey +
          "&school.name=" +
          terms +
          "&fields=school.name,location.lon,location.lat&per_page=100"
      )
        .then(res => res.json())
        .then(json => {
          resp.send(json);
        })
        .catch(err => {
          console.error(err);
          resp.send(202);
        });
    });

    app.listen(3000);
  

Raspberry Pi

Practices


    // --- pre and post hooks, get a very sophisticated level of automation
    "scripts": {
      "preinstall": "node prepare.js",
      "postintall": "node clean.js",
      "build": "webpack",
      "postbuild": "node index.js",
      "postversion": "npm publish"
    }

    // --- functional inheritance
    exports = module.exports = createApplication;
    // ...
    function createApplication() {
      var app = function(req, res, next) {
        app.handle(req, res, next);
      };
      mixin(app, EventEmitter.prototype, false);
      mixin(app, proto, false);
      app.request = { __proto__: req, app: app };
      app.response = { __proto__: res, app: app };
      app.init();
      return app;
    }

    // --- EventEmitter pattern
    const EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
    class MyClass extends EventEmitter {
      constructor() {
        super();
        setTimeout(() => {
          this.emit('myEvent', 'hello world', 42);
        }, 1000);
      }
    }
    // ...
    const myObj = new MyClass();
    const start = Date.now();
    myObj.on('myEvent', (str, num) => {
      console.log('myEvent triggered', str, num, Date.now() - start);
    });

    // -- example of documented function
    /*
    * Make a TCP connection to the given IPv4 address.  Arguments:
    *
    *    ip4addr        a string representing a valid IPv4 address
    *
    *    tcpPort        a positive integer representing a valid TCP port
    *
    *    timeout        a positive integer denoting the number of milliseconds
    *                   to wait for a response from the remote server before
    *                   considering the connection to have failed.
    *
    *    callback       invoked when the connection succeeds or fails.  Upon
    *                   success, callback is invoked as callback(null, socket),
    *                   where `socket` is a Node net.Socket object.  Upon failure,
    *                   callback is invoked as callback(err) instead.
    *
    * This function may fail for several reasons:
    *
    *    SystemError    For "connection refused" and "host unreachable" and other
    *                   errors returned by the connect(2) system call.  For these
    *                   errors, err.errno will be set to the actual errno symbolic
    *                   name.
    *
    *    TimeoutError   Emitted if "timeout" milliseconds elapse without
    *                   successfully completing the connection.
    *
    * All errors will have the conventional "remoteIp" and "remotePort" properties.
    * After any error, any socket that was created will be closed.
    */
    function connect(ip4addr, tcpPort, timeout, callback) {
      assert.equal(typeof (ip4addr), 'string',
          "argument 'ip4addr' must be a string");
      assert.ok(net.isIPv4(ip4addr),
          "argument 'ip4addr' must be a valid IPv4 address");
      assert.equal(typeof (tcpPort), 'number',
          "argument 'tcpPort' must be a number");
      assert.ok(!isNaN(tcpPort) && tcpPort > 0 && tcpPort < 65536,
          "argument 'tcpPort' must be a positive integer between 1 and 65535");
      assert.equal(typeof (timeout), 'number',
          "argument 'timeout' must be a number");
      assert.ok(!isNaN(timeout) && timeout > 0,
          "argument 'timeout' must be a positive integer");
      assert.equal(typeof (callback), 'function');
      /* do work */
    }
  

Tools


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